Nipple leiomyoma: A rare neoplasm with a broad spectrum of histologic appearances

Cutaneous leiomyomas are rare benign smooth‐muscle tumors. These lesions are distinguished based on their cell of origin and are subclassified as pilar leiomyoma, angioleiomyoma, and genital‐type leiomyoma. Nipple leiomyoma is the least common genital‐type leiomyoma, arising from the dartoic muscle cell of the nipple. Histologic examination of the lesion is necessary for definitive diagnosis, and these uncommon tumors can pose a diagnostic challenge. We describe herein a series of six nipple leiomyomas with a spectrum of histologic appearances.     

A pilot study of neuromuscular ultrasound as a biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Introduction: This study explores the reliability and responsiveness of neuromuscular ultrasound in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: Investigations were conducted with 10 healthy controls, 10 patients with ALS (single point in time), and 10 different patients with ALS (followed over 6 months; 4 completed follow-up). Ultrasound was used to measure the thickness of the geniohyoid, bilateral biceps/brachialis, bilateral tibialis anterior, and bilateral hemidiaphragms (at inspiration and expiration). Interrater and intrarater reliability and change in muscle thickness over 6 months were measured. Results: Interrater correlation coefficients ranged between 0.80 and 0.99 in healthy controls and between 0.78 and 0.97 in patients with ALS. Intrarater correlation coefficients ranged between 0.83 and 0.98 in healthy controls. The mean percentage decline in muscle thickness over 6 months was 20.25%. Discussion: Muscle ultrasound appears to be a reliable technique for measuring important muscles in patients with ALS. Larger studies with age-matched controls should be conducted to assess further the responsiveness of this biomarker in ALS. Muscle Nerve 59 :181–186, 2019     

退行性脊柱侧凸患者椎旁肌退变与脊柱-骨盆参数的关系

目的 :分析退行性脊柱侧凸(adult degenerative scoliosis,ADS)患者椎旁肌(多裂肌、竖脊肌)MRI影像退变程度与脊柱-骨盆参数之间的关系,为ADS患者矢状位失平衡评估提供新的线索。方法:回顾性分析在我院就诊的女性ADS患者52例,年龄55～65岁,收集患者人口统计学资料,分别测量患者腰椎MRI上L1～S1椎间盘层面椎旁肌(多裂肌、竖脊肌)横截面积(cross-sectional area,CSA)、脂肪化比例(fat saturation fraction,FSF),并在患者脊柱全长X线片上测量冠状位和矢状位的影像学参数,包括冠状位Cobb角、矢状位垂直偏距(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、PI-LL,对椎旁肌L1～S1各层面FSF行单因素方差分析并进行LSD事后多重比较,利用Pearson相关分析比较椎旁肌退变程度和脊柱-骨盆参数之间的关系。结果:L1～S1各层面FSF有显著性差异(P0.01),L5/S1层面椎旁肌FSF明显大于其他层面(P0.05)。冠状位Cobb角与L1/2、L2/3、L3/4、L4/5椎间盘层面CSA呈负相关(r=-0.358、-0.367、-0.329、-0.283,P0.05)。椎旁肌FSF与PT在L1～S1各层面呈正相关(r=0.487、0.394、0.354、0.356、0.355,P0.05),而与SS呈负相关(r=-0.494、-0.440、-0.373、-0.301、-0.300,P0.05)。椎旁肌FSF与LL在L1/2、L2/3层面呈负相关(r=-0.398、-0.328,P0.05)。椎旁肌总体FSF(TFSF)与PT呈正相关(r=0.395,P0.01),与LL呈负相关(r=-0.345,P0.05)。L1～S1各层面椎旁肌CSA、FSF与SVA、PI、TK的Pearson相关分析结果无统计学意义(P0.05)。BMI与L1～S1各层面椎旁肌CSA呈正相关(P0.05),而与椎旁肌各层面FSF的Pearson相关分析结果无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在ADS患者中,椎旁肌FSF与PT有明显的正相关性,提示椎旁肌的退变可能参与了脊柱退变和代偿机制的过程,椎旁肌FSF可能反映了ADS患者矢状位失平衡的严重程度。     

Targeting the Immune System in Atherosclerosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Atherosclerosis has long been known as an inflammatory disease. However, whether targeting inflammation improves outcomes was unproven until the recent results of CANTOS (Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study). In this review, we reflect on why it has taken a long time to prove the inflammatory hypothesis of atherosclerosis and derive important lessons for the future. In particular, we discuss the off-target immune-modulatory effects of approved cardiovascular therapies, review the attempted anti-inflammatory therapies including the recently published CIRT (Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial), and discuss the likely reasons for their failures. We further build on CANTOS to review the immune-modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis currently in trials, and discuss the likelihood of their added value as well as the potential hazard associated with their use. We finally argue for a critical approach to the use of animal models, coupled with the use of humans as model organisms to accelerate the identification of the most appropriate targets.     

萆苓祛痛方对糖尿病痛风大鼠骨骼肌组织SIRT3蛋白表达及URAT1 mRNA的影响

目的:探讨萆苓祛痛方对糖尿病痛风大鼠骨骼肌组织去乙酰化酶3(SIRT3)蛋白表达及尿酸盐转运体1(URAT1) mRNA的影响。方法:选择健康雄性大鼠40只,除正常组外,其余组予高脂饲料喂养并联合小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)溶液40 mg·kg-1腹腔注射1次,以血糖≥16. 7 mmol·L-1,为糖尿病模型。4 d后关节腔注射5%尿酸钠溶液1次,诱导痛风模型,模型成功后,分为萆苓祛痛方组(萆苓组,10 g·kg-1),吲哚美辛组(5 mg·kg-1),吡格列酮组(10 mg·kg-1),均连续给药21 d,正常组、模型组予等量生理盐水;采用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)测定骨骼肌组织SIRT3蛋白表达;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time PCR)检测骨骼肌组织URAT1 mRNA表达,并进行病理检查,取血测定血糖(GLU),血尿酸(UA)及C反应蛋白(CRP)含量。结果:与正常组比较,模型组GLU,UA及CRP明显升高(P 0. 01);与模型组比较,萆苓组、吡格列酮组血糖下降(P 0. 05);各药物组UA及CRP明显下降(P 0. 01)。与正常组比较,模型组骨骼肌SIRT3蛋白表达量显著降低(P 0. 01);与模型组比较,萆苓组骨骼肌SIRT3蛋白表达量显著提高(P 0. 01),与西药组比较无明显差异;条带图的结果同样显示,与正常组比较,模型组表达亮度明显减弱,药物组表达亮度明显增强;与正常组比较,模型组关节组织URAT1 mRNA相对表达量明显升高(P 0. 01);与模型组比较,各药物组URAT1 mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P 0. 01)。电泳图同样提示,正常组表达亮度减弱,模型组表达亮度显著增强,萆苓组、西药组表达亮度明显减弱。关节病理提示,与正常组比较,模型组大鼠关节病理损伤严重,可见大量炎细胞浸润及纤维增生,滑膜细胞变性、坏死。与模型组比较,萆苓祛痛方关节病变程度明显减低,见少量炎细胞浸润,滑膜上皮轻度增生。结论:具有泻浊解毒通络作用的萆苓祛痛方可显著提高糖尿病痛风大鼠骨骼肌组织SIRT3的蛋白表达量,下调URAT1 mRNA的表达量,减轻骨骼肌组织病理损伤,减低血清炎症因子CRP的含量,降低模型大鼠的血糖、血尿酸水平,有保护关节功能的作用。     

系统免疫炎症指数和骨骼肌质量指数与肝硬化合并肝癌患者术后预后的关系

目的:探讨系统免疫炎症指数（SII）和骨骼肌质量指数（SMI）与肝硬化合并肝癌患者术后预后的关系。方法:选取2015年1月至2017年12月我院收治的128例肝癌合并肝硬化患者。比较不同水平SII和SMI组患者临床病理特征和预后，分析影响肝硬化合并肝癌患者术后预后的危险因素。结果:术前SII高水平组的BCLC分期、脉管癌栓占比、低分化占比高于低水平组，差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。术前SMI高水平组的年龄、美国麻醉医师协会分级、BCLC分期、肿瘤个数、脉管癌栓占比均低于或少于低水平组，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。术前SII低水平组1年、2年、3年累积总生存率分别为90.8%、75.5%、47.3%，术前SII高水平组1年、2年、3年累积总生存率分别为70.7%、58.2%、39.1%，差异有统计学意义（P=0.045）。术前SMI低水平组1年、2年、3年累积总生存率分别为73.3%、55.3%、34.8%，术前SMI高水平组1年、2年、3年累积总生存率分别为90.4%、77.8%、49.7%，差异有统计学意义（P=0.010）。Cox多因素分析结果显示，BCLC B-C期、多发肿瘤、低分化、脉管癌栓、术前高水平SII是患者术后预后的独立危险因素（P＜0.05），根治性切除和术前高水平SMI是其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。结论:术前SII和SMI水平与肝硬化合并肝癌患者预后密切相关，高水平SII是其独立危险因素，而高水平SMI是其独立保护因素。     

幼儿不同跑步着地方式的生物力学特征

文题释义：跑：跑是双脚交替接触地面的周期性运动，但跑有一个双脚都离开地面的腾空期。幼儿在 1 岁多开始学习跑步，最初是走跑结合的移动方式，由于身体发育不完善，下肢力量弱，平衡能力差，容易摔倒；到 2.5岁，幼儿跑步的腾空阶段明显；到 6岁，早期跑步的特点基本消失。 着地方式：指的是人体在跑步着地阶段足部接触地面的方式，一般分为3种方式：分别为足跟着地(fore foot strike)，跟骨先接触地面；全足着地(mid foot strike)，全脚掌着地，即足跟与前足同时接触地面；前足着地(rear foot strike)：前足部首先接触地面。 背景：成年人跑步着地方式一直是国内外学者研究的重点，而幼儿跑步的着地方式也是不容忽视的内容。 目的：运用生物力学方法探究幼儿在跑步过程中，不同着地方式下的运动学和动力学指标的差异，为幼儿正确的跑步着地方式提供科学依据。 方法：在北京市海淀区某公立幼儿园中随机抽取幼儿74名，按年龄分为3岁组、4岁组、5岁组，采用BTS红外动作捕捉系统、Kistler三维测力台和VIXTA录像解析系统同步采集幼儿跑步过程中不同着地方式下的运动学、动力学数据；运用Anybody 5.2仿真建模软件计算下肢肌肉力量指标。试验前向受试者父母详细解释并签署知情同意书，试验方案符合北京师范大学的相关伦理要求。 结果与结论：①3岁组全足着地的比例最高，足跟着地的比例最低，5岁组全足着地的比例最低，足跟着地的比例最高；前足着地者的蹬伸时间大于足跟着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地(P < 0.05)；②着地时刻，踝屈曲角度足跟着地者大于前足着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地者(P < 0.05)，全足着地者大于前足着地(P < 0.05)；前足着地者髋内收-外展角度、最大髋内收-外展角、髋内-收外展的关节变化量及最大膝内收-外展角速度大于足跟着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地者(P < 0.05)；前足着地者的踝屈伸最小值大于足跟着地者(P < 0.05)，而最大髋内收-外展角速度小于足跟着地者(P < 0.05)；③足跟着地和全足着地者的腓骨短肌、腓骨长肌、第三腓骨肌的肌力大于前足着地者(P < 0.05)，前足着地者的股中间肌、股外侧肌下束、股外侧肌上束、股内侧肌下束、股内侧肌上束、股内侧肌中束肌力均大于足跟着地(P < 0.01)和全足着地者(P < 0.05)；④结果提示：在3-6岁阶段，幼儿多采用足跟或全足着地模式进行奔跑，以满足自己在跑步过程的稳定性，随着年龄的增长，逐渐出现前足着地方式的跑步模式；前足着地能够动用更多髋关节和膝关节额状面的运动来维持人体运动中的稳定，足跟着地和全足着地能够动用更多的小腿前侧和后侧的肌力，而前足着地动用更多的大腿前侧肌力。 ORCID: 0000-0002-8337-3931(赵盼超) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建；骨细胞；软骨细胞；细胞培养；成纤维细胞；血管内皮细胞；骨质疏松；组织工程     

Relationship between EMG-detected and ultrasound-detected fasciculations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A prospective cohort study

ObjectivesFasciculation potentials (FP) are an important consideration in the electrophysiological diagnosis of ALS. Muscle ultrasonography (MUS) has a higher sensitivity in detecting fasciculations than electromyography (EMG), while in some cases, it is unable to detect EMG-detected fasciculations. We aimed to investigate the differences of FP between the muscles with and without MUS-detected fasciculations (MUS-fas).MethodsThirty-one consecutive patients with sporadic ALS were prospectively recruited and in those, both needle EMG and MUS were performed. Analyses of the amplitude, duration, and number of phases of EMG-detected FPs were performed for seven muscles per patient, and results were compared between the muscles with and without MUS-fas in the total cohort.ResultsThe mean amplitude and phase number of FP were significantly lower in patients with EMG-detected FP alone (0.39 ± 0.25 mV and 3.21 ± 0.88, respectively) than in those with both FP and MUS-fas (1.22 ± 0.92 mV and 3.74 ± 1.39, respectively; p < 0.0001 and p = 0.017, Welch’s t-test).ConclusionSmall FP may be undetectable with MUS. MUS cannot replace EMG in the diagnostic approach for ALS.SignificanceClinicians should use a combination of EMG and MUS for the detection and quantitative analysis of fasciculation in ALS.